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The surface of metals may be colored, a patina added either chemically or with heat. Patinas are generally achieved by causing the metal present to react with another element. It may be the air forming oxides or another chemical added to bond molecularly with the surface. A few pseudo-patinas are simple coatings on the metal's surface.

Preparing the Surface

A key to achieving a good patina is to work with an antiseptically clean surface. Apple store virus removal. A number of methods; will give good results.

Imazing 2 2 7. Existing oxides should be removed in a pickling or bright dip solution. The piece may then be scrubbed with powdered pumice to remove dirt, Grease residue may be removed with a vigorous scrubbing in a strong detergent and water solution, Ultrasonic cleaning is effective if the piece contains hard to reach recesses. A final rinse in hot clear water will remove residual cleaning agents. Joker games online.

Physically altering a metal's surface will also prepare the surface. Read blasting works well if a matte finish is desired. Scratch brushing often follows the first application of a patina, with reapplication the effect will be greater. A scratch brush will clean the surface and give a satin appearance to the patina.

Application of patinas should be done immediately after cleaning. Prolonged contact with air will contaminate the surface of most metals. Zinc should be kept underwater if there is any delay in coloring as it will oxidize rapidly in the air.

Protecting a Patina

Due to the possibility of continued color change, once a desired patina is reached, many pieces will require Protection from further reaction. Sealing the surface from the environment may be accomplished with either a lacquer or wax finish.

Lacquers provide good protection but may eventually chip, Use a high quality product to avoid later discoloring. Clear nail polish also works for small areas. It may need to be thinned to provide an even surface.

Paraffin or bees wax are also used to protect the surface of metals. Museum Wax and Renaissance Wax are high quality commercial preparations. Wax may be applied directly to the surface, or it may be thinned. Mixing the warmed wax in a 4/1 ratio with turpentine will provide an easy-to-apply paste. Avoid commercially prepared paste waxes; they may contain chemicals that will further color the piece. A waxed finish may not hold up to wear and will certainly be attacked by soaps and detergents.

Copper Plating

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One method of coloring is to copper plate. Metals that are difficult to oxidize (brass, gold, and platinum) may be plated, by galvanic reaction, in copper saturated (blue) pickle solution. Submerging; the piece, suspended by an iron or steel wire, will result in a thin layer of copper which will accept oxidizing action. Because it is thin this plating will not withstand wear. It will work well in recessed areas. After plating and coloring, the raised areas may be restored with in abrasive polish.

Formulas Compiled by: Alexander Soroka State University of Iowa M.F.A. Thesis Project https://bestkfile936.weebly.com/free-casino-money-no-deposit-required.html.

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The following patina formulas are but a sampling of the hundreds in existence. The formulas selected illustrate the wide range of application methods employed as well as a rich variety of colors. Free hoot loot slots. The first 30 formulas listed are represented on a supplemental sampling chart to designed for use as a visual text-book.